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Pomace diseases
The success of the cultivation of plants depends on a correct management of fertilization and preventive methods of defense against adversity, it is therefore important to constantly control the crops, in order to be able to intervene adequately to limit the spread of diseases and promote proper development.
Given the multitude of crops and pests that can damage them, the fruit plants have been distinguished in various similar groups by agrarian and botanical group, due to the similarity of the parasites that can hit them and, therefore, for the relative methods of control, prevention and care.
To be able to intervene adequately it is important to know how to recognize from the first symptoms the pathogens or the cause of the vegetative block that affect the various crops.
The symptoms and causes of the various pathogens will be displayed in various cards to facilitate the identification of the adversities that affect the fruit plants grown in the garden.
Assuming that in the fight against plant adversity "prevention is the best cure" and that "good nutrition is the best resource for disease resistance" we will examine in this first part the pathologies that affect the pomaceae group.
In the agrarian group of pomaceae are included plants that produce fruits called "pomi": the apple tree, the pear tree and the quince.
They are among the most important fruit crops in terms of diffusion, production and cultivation, and belong to the botanical family of rosaceae, among which there is the nearby "rose" floral relation proper.
Adversity and care
To exemplify the various problems and pomaceae diseases, the different causes can be grouped into: environmental pathologies, fungal parasites, insect and animal damage.
1) Non-parasitic diseases: nutritional or environmental
All the pomaceae, in order to vegetate, flower and produce fruit regularly, need neutral or sub-acidic soil, rich in fertilizing elements, organic substance, and suitable humidity.
The lack of a soil suitable for cultivation and lacking in nutrients causes a general deterioration of the plant, with manifestations of poor flowering and therefore production and leaf yellowing, associated with various presence of pathogens.
The nutritional deficiencies negatively affect the whole physiology of the plant, first of all reducing their resistance to fight diseases, and, in the specific fruit sector, the damage is reflected on the economy due to lack of production, quality of the fruits and poor conservation of the same.
Pomaceae, like all plants, can manifest specific manifestations, such as yellowing or leaf desiccation, scarce flowering and fruiting or insipid and deformed small fruits.
Depending on the type of nutrient that the plant lacks, the main causes are explained in the following table:
Symptom on the plant | Symptom on fruits | shortage |
Discoloration generalized plant and leaf yellowing more pronounced in the basal areas. Stunted vegetation with poor flowering and faded color flowers. | low production and size | Nitrogen |
coloration bronze-purplish leaves, little growth and poor flowering. | maturity very slow lack of fruits and their preservability | Phosphorus |
dieback at the edge of the leaves that can be curved to U, the flowers have poor coloring and are of a size reduced. | fruits small, poorly pigmented and sugary | Potassium |
The basal leaves turn yellow in the rib area central and dry quickly detaching early. | strong fruit drop at maturity | Magnesium |
The leaves dull and fold down. The plates they mainly dry on the margins and on the apex. | fruits which appear pitted, bitter and poorly storable. | Football |
yellowing progressive from the apex to the bottom of the plant, with leaf desiccation. Flowering nothing or a lot poor. | fruiting poor and of poor quality | Iron |
Parasitic adverse effects of pome fruit due to fungi
One of the most frequent problems with pomaceous plants is the proliferation of fungal or cryptogamic diseases, more commonly called "mold" due to the appearance of their fruiting, which generally covers the plant attached.
These pathogens, if not fought promptly, can quickly destroy the flowers and the fruits, therefore the production of the plants; they are favored by humid or rainy climatic conditions, and they mostly afflict the pomaceae with nutritional deficiencies.
The manifestations are dependent on the plant and normally the various groups of pathogens prefer only certain organs and therefore the localization allows us to diagnose them.
The symptoms of the affected organs are various: they can be molds, rots, gummy cancers, holes, bumps, the following table shows the symptoms and causes:
Symptom on the plant and on the fruits | Group pathological of mushrooms |
Sui stems and branches appear depressed red-purple areas, which then dry up with a split bark. | seccume of the stems, Cancer of the branches and Cracks |
The young plants show browning and rotting at collar level. The plant first turns yellow, then it dries quickly. | Rot basal or collar |
Up leaves, flowers and apices of the branches appear spots white felts. The flowers do not hatch or wither. Rusty deformed small fruits. | Powdery mildew or Mal Bianco |
Up leaves and flowers appear gray ashen mold, which then rot. | Mold of leaves and buds |
on leaves appear blackish or violet confluent spots. The affected leaves quickly dry up and fall off quickly stripping the whole plant. On the fruits appear, depending on the severity of the damage, from dry dark spots with deep cracks on necrotized areas. | Scab and leaf maculations |
Symptom on the plant and on the fruits | Guy of insect |
They cover all the young parts of the plant and carry it rapid wilting due to sap subtraction. They produce honeydew and transmit virosis. Deformed fruits and underdeveloped. | Aphids or lice |
Can be of various types: from caterpillars or larvae of lepidoptera green or yellow, to adult insects like beetles. They eat leaves, flowers or shoots. | Tentredini |
They suck the sap like aphids, they differ in being almost motionless and living protected by waxed badges white or pinkish yellow. They stare at each other leaves branches, fruits. | Scale insects |
I'm microlepidoptera larvae that "undermine" the area green of the leaf leaving the cuticle intact. The leaves dry and fall. | Larvae of lepidopteran miners |
I'm caterpillars or larvae of butterflies that they destroy with the their erosion, the fruit pulp being formed. these subsequently fall or remain buggy. | codling moth |
I'm sucking butterflies that prick young leaves or buds. The affected organs curl up with silver coloring | leafhoppers |
tiny insects with transparent wings that suck the sap fixed on leaves, branches, fruits. They cause weakening of the plant, early fall of the fruits and abundant production of honeydew with "fumaggini" | psyllids |
I'm tiny spiders that they cause with their bites on the yellowing leaves that later dry up totally. They are very mobile and when they attack massively the plant also produce small cobwebs | Mites or red and yellow spiders |
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